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1.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 54(2): 31-40, jun. 2022. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1407178

ABSTRACT

Resumen Las infecciones hospitalarias causadas por bacilos gram negativos resistentes a carbapenems (BGNCR) están asociadas al aumento de morbimortalidad y gasto sanitario. La identificación mediante cultivos de vigilancia y las medidas de control de infecciones permiten reducir su diseminación. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el impacto de un programa de vigilancia integrado a protocolos de control de infecciones sobre la incidencia de BGNCR y conocer su epidemiología molecular en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se realizaron auditorías seguidas de un programa de cultivo de vigilancia activa y caracterización molecular de BGNCR, antes y después de la implementación de programas de prevención y control de infecciones. El screening microbiológico se realizó en medios cromogénicos; la caracterización molecular de p-lactamasas (blaKPC, bla0XA-48-like, blaVIM, blaiMP, blaNDM, blaSHV y blaCTx-M) por PCR y la tipificación molecular por PFGE y MLST para Klebsiella pneumoniae. El protocolo desarrollado permitió reducir la colonización global de 16,92% al 9,67%. La diseminación de K. pneumoniae fue a expensas de diversos clones portadores de KPC-2 asociada a BLEE SHV-2 y CTX-M-15, y distribuidos en varios secuenciotipos (ST17, ST13, ST2256, ST353); no se observó persistencia de un clon particular y ningún aislamiento presentó factores de virulencia asociados a hipervi-rulencia. Los aislamientos de Acinetobacter baumannii fueron mayoritariamente productores de IMP-1. El análisis PFGE individualizó 3 clusters, asumiendo que la diseminación fue clonal.


Abstract Hospital-acquired infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) have been increasingly reported worldwide and are associated with high rates of mortality especially in intensive care units(ICUs). Early identification through rectal surveillance cultures and implementation of infection control measures(ICM) including contact precautions, staff education on cleaning and hand hygiene may reduce the spread of these microorganisms. The aim of this work was to assess the impact of enhanced ICM on CRGNB colonization and to describe the molecular epidemiology of these bacteria in a polyvalent ICU in a tertiary level hospital. A prospective study including audits and active surveillance culture program, with molecular characterization, was conducted before and after the implementation of prevention programs and infection control measures. Microbiological screening was performed in chromogenic media; PCR targeting p-lactamases genes (ó/qkpc, óíQndm, blaviM and blaoxA-48, blasHv and ó/qctx-m), molecular typing by PFGE; and MLST in K. pneumoniae were performed. CRGNB colonization was reduced from 16.92% to 9.67% upon implementing the infection control measures. In K. pneumoniae the most frequent carbapenemase type was KPC-2 associated with SHV-2 and CTX-M-15, and was disseminated in various STs (ST17, ST13, ST2256, ST353); there was no persistence of particular clones and virulence factors showed no association with hypervirulence. IMP-1 carbapenemase predominated in A. baumannii and the PFGE analysis individualized 3 clusters, assuming that the dissemination in the ICU was clonal. The early detection of patients colo-nized with CRBGN by using epidemiological surveillance cultures and the implementation of prophylactic measures are key to reducing the incidence of these microorganisms.

2.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 117(1): 6-11, feb. 2019. tab
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-983770

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Las infecciones por bacilos Gram-negativos multirresistentes (BGN-MR) constituyen un problema creciente en las unidades de cuidado intensivo neonatal. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, microbiológicas, evolutivas y los factores de riesgo de infección por BGN-MR resistentes a carbapenemes en el Servicio de Neonatología de un hospital de alta complejidad. Población y método. Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en dicho Servicio, donde se incluyeron los pacientes con infección documentada por BGN-MR del 24/4/2013 al 29/4/2015. Resultados. Se incluyeron 21 pacientes. La mediana de edad gestacional y peso de nacimiento fue 35 semanas y 2070 gramos, respectivamente. Dieciocho pacientes (86 %) tuvieron hemocultivos positivos y el aislamiento microbiológico más frecuente fue Acinetobacter baumannii (17 pacientes, 81 %), seguido por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasa (3 pacientes, 14 %) y Enterobacter cloacae (1 paciente, 5 %). La mediana de edad al momento del diagnóstico fue de 28 días y todos tenían factores de riesgo para la infección, como cirugía, asistencia respiratoria mecánica, nutrición parenteral, catéter central y antibióticos. El tratamiento antibiótico definitivo fue colistina en todos los casos, combinado en el 84 %. Cinco pacientes (24 %) fallecieron por la infección. La prematurez y el peso < 2000 g fueron factores de riesgo estadísticamente significativos asociados a la mortalidad (p = 0,03 y 0,01, respectivamente). Conclusión. Las infecciones por BGN-MR se presentaron en pacientes con factores predisponentes. Acinetobacter baumannii fue el primer agente etiológico. La mortalidad fue elevada y relacionada con prematurez y bajo peso al nacer.


Introduction. Multidrug resistant Gramnegative (MDRGN) infections are an increasing problem in neonatal intensive care units. The objective of this study was to establish the epidemiological, clinical, microbiological, and evolutionary characteristics of carbapenem-resistant MDRGN infections and the risk factors for them at the Division of Neonatology of a tertiary care hospital. Population and method. A retrospective cohort study was done in this Division in patients with a documented MDRGN infection between 4/24/2013 and 4/29/2015. Results. Twenty-one patients were included. Their median gestational age and birth weight were 35 weeks and 2070 g, respectively. Eighteen patients (86 %) had a positive blood culture; the most commonly isolated microorganism was Acinetobacter baumannii (17 patients, 81 %), followed by carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (3 patients, 14 %) and Enterobacter cloacae (1 patient, 5 %). The median age at diagnosis was 28 days and all patients had risk factors for infection, including surgery, assisted mechanical ventilation, parenteral nutrition, central venous line, and antibiotics. The definite antibiotic therapy included colistin in all cases; in combination, in 84 %. Five patients (24 %) died due to the infection. Prematurity and a birth weight < 2000 g were statistically significant risk factors associated with mortality (p = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). Conclusion. MDRGN infections were observed in patients with predisposing factors. Acinetobacter baumannii was the main etiologic agent. Mortality was high and related to prematurity and a low birth weight.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/metabolism , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Retrospective Studies , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Gram-Negative Bacteria/metabolism
3.
Salus ; 16(3): 33-39, dic. 2012. ilus, graf, mapas
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-701615

ABSTRACT

Con el objeto de conocer los agentes implicados en las infecciones nosocomiales y su susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en pacientes del Servicio de Neonatología, se realizó un estudio prospectivo en 101 aislamientos bacterianos, analizándose los casos de sepsis nosocomial. Se identificó la susceptibilidad de las cepas por métodos bacteriológicos convencionales, con medios de cultivo universales y selectivos. Se calculó la frecuencia de infecciones por 100 ingresos y se analizó la sensibilidad. La incidencia de sepsis neonatal nosocomial fue 36.4%. Predominaron bacterias gramnegativas (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli y no fermentadores) (54.4%), seguido por bacterias grampositivas (Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo) (37.6%) y hongos (7.9%). La susceptibilidad a aminoglucósidos fue 28%. Para la Ciprofloxacina la sensibilidad para las Klebsiella fue 56.2%. Con respecto al cefepime y cefalosporinas de 3ra generación, la sensibilidad para los no fermentadores fue 50%. En cuanto al meropenem, Escherichia coli fue 54.4% sensible, Klebsiella 65.5%, y los no fermentadores 50%. Para piperacilina-tazobactam, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella y no fermentadores fueron sensibles en 45.4%, 40.6 % y 50%, respectivamente. La susceptibilidad al Colistin fue de 83.3% en los no fermentadores; Klebsiella 71.8% y Escherichia coli 63.6%. La sensibilidad del Staphylococcus aureus a la oxacilina fue de 18,7%, al linezolid, teicoplamina y vancomicina de 100%. El Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo fue 100% sensible a linezolid, teicoplanina y vancomicina y 46,6 % a clindamicina. Se pudo constatar la estabilidad en la circulación de los agentes causales, predominando las bacterias gramnegativas, y la baja susceptibilidad a la terapia antimicrobiana utilizada.


In order to determine the agents involved in nosocomial infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility in neonatology patients, a prospective study was carried out on 101 bacterial isolates, and cases of nosocomial sepsis were analyzed. We identified the susceptibility of strains by conventional microbiology with universal and selective culture media. Sensitivity was analyzed for estimation of rates for each 100 admissions. The incidence of nosocomial neonatal sepsis was 36.4%. Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pn., Escherichia coli and non-fermenting) were predominant, 54.4%, followed by Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus) 37.6%, and 7.9% fungi. Susceptibility to aminoglycosides was 28%. Sensitivity to ciprofloxacin for Klebsiella was 56.2%. Sensitivity of non-fermenters to cefepime and 3rd generation cephalosporins was 50%. Regarding meropenem, Escherichia coli was 54.4% sensitive, Klebsiella 65.5%, and non-fermenters 50%. Sensitivity of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and nonfermenters to piperacillintazobactam was 45.4%, 40.6% and 50%, respectively. Sensitivity to colistin was 83.3% for non-fermenters, 71.8% for Klebsiella and 63.6% for Escherichia coli. Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to oxacillin was 18.7%, and 100% to linezolid and vancomycin teicoplamina. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was 100% sensitive to linezolid, teicoplanin and vancomycin, and 46.6% to clindamycin. Results show stability of causal agents in the circulation, predominantly gram-negative bacteria and low susceptibility to antimicrobial therapy used.

4.
Rev. cuba. invest. bioméd ; 31(1): 53-62, ene.-mar. 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-644734

ABSTRACT

Las bacterias gramnegativas se consideran como causa frecuente de neumonía en pacientes VIH/sida. La emergente y elevada proporción de microorganismos resistentes obliga a utilizar el antibiograma como un método que definirá la terapéutica de estos pacientes. Objetivos: identificar las bacterias gramnegativas que causan neumonía en pacientes VIH/sida y determinar la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de los microorganismos aislados. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo en el Instituto Pedro Kourí de 85 pacientes con VIH/sida y diagnóstico presuntivo de neumonía bacteriana por criterios clínicos y radiológicos. Se recogieron muestras de esputo y sangre para cultivo. Las bacterias aisladas y la sensibilidad antimicrobiana se determinaron por el sistema semiautomatizado miniApi (bioMérieux). Resultados: se aislaron 74 bacterias potencialmente patógenas de las que 32 (43,2 porciento) se clasificaron como gramnegativas. Predominaron Klebsiella pneumoniae (11 cepas: 34,3 porciento), Pseudomonas spp. (8 cepas: 25 porciento) y Escherichia coli (4 cepas: 12,5 porciento). Escherichia coli mostró el mayor porcentaje de resistencia y el 75 porciento de las cepas fue sensible frente a la amikacina. No se encontró resistencia al meropenem y más del 50 porciento de las enterobacterias identificadas con excepción de E.coli fueron sensibles a las cefalosporinas de tercera generación, ciprofloxacina, amikacina y cotrimoxazol. Pseudomonas spp. presentó resistencia al cotrimoxazol (87 porciento) y ticarcilina (75 porciento). Conclusiones: las bacterias gramnegativas causan en un porcentaje no despreciable neumonía en pacientes con VIH/sida. Aunque persisten cepas resistentes frente a diversos antimicrobianos, las cefalosporinas, quinolonas y los carbapenémicos muestran una adecuada actividad frente a estas bacterias


Gramnegative bacteria are considered to be a common cause of pneumonia in HIV/AIDS patients. The emergence of a large number of resistant microorganisms has made it necessary to use antibiograms to decide what treatment will be applied to these patients. Objectives: identify gramnegative bacteria causing pneumonia in HIV/AIDS patients and determine the antimicrobial sensitivity of the microorganisms isolated. Methods: a prospective descriptive study of 85 patients with HIV/AIDS and presumed diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia was carried out at Pedro Kourí Institute applying clinical and radiological criteria. Sputum and blood samples were collected to be cultured. The bacteria isolated and their antimicrobial sensitivity were determined using the mini-Api (bioMÚrieux) semiautomated system. Results: seventy-four potentially pathogenic bacteria were isolated, of which 32 (43.2 percent) were classified as gramnegative. The prevailing ones were Klebsiella pneumoniae (11 strains: 34.3 percent), Pseudomonas spp. (8 strains: 25 percent) and Escherichia coli (4 strains: 12,5 percent). Escherichia coli exhibited the highest resistance percentage. 75 percent of the strains were sensitive to amikacin. No resistance was found to meropenem, and more than 50 percent of the enterobacteria identified, with the exception of E. coli, were sensitive to third-generation cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, amikacin and cotrimoxazol. Pseudomonas spp. showed resistance to cotrimoxazol (87 percent) and ticarcillin (75 percent). Conclusions: gramnegative bacteria cause pneumonia in HIV/AIDS patients to a considerable extent. There continue to be strains which are resistant to various antimicrobial drugs. However, cephalosporins, quinolones and carbapenemics exhibit adequate activity against these bacteria


Subject(s)
Gram-Negative Bacteria/pathogenicity , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Bacterial/drug therapy , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Prospective Studies
5.
Chinese Journal of Pharmacoepidemiology ; (4)2007.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-580908

ABSTRACT

Objective:To investigate piperacillin resistance of clinically isolated Gram-negative bacterial strains. Method:All references related to piperacillin resistance were retrieved through the internet CNKI.The resistance rates of different types of bacteria from various regions and years were re-calculated.Result:104 documents were eventually chosen. The results showed that the resistant rates of Gram-negative bacterial strains and Enterobacteriaceae had been increasing year by year,while the resistance rates of Gram-negative bacterial strains fluctuated during different years from 2000 to 2007.However,the resistance rates of Enterobacteriaceae to piperacillin were higher than those of non-fermentative Gramnegative bacterial strains.The resistance rates to piperacillin were different among types of bacteria,regions and years.Conclusion: The resistance rates of clinical Gram-negative bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae to piperacillin showed an upward tendency year by year in China from 2000 to 2007.However,the resistance of non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria had an outbreak tendency in some regions and years.

6.
Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology ; (24)2006.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-589902

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE To investigate the drug resistance of Gram-negative bacteria in our hospital′s intensive care unit(ICU).It′s important to apply rationally antibiotics in clinic.METHODS We recruited all samples from infected patients of ICU during from Jan 2005 to Feb 2006.Totally 245 strains were identified to be Gram-negative bacteria.Kirby-Bauer method was performed to test extended spectrum ?-lactamases.RESULTS The first 3 of 245 strains were Pseudomonas aeruginosa(22.4%),Escherichia coli(20.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae(16.3%).Antibiogram analysis shew that CTX-M was the major type.CONCLUSIONS Imipenem keeps the highest sensitivity and antibacterial activity for Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermenters.Cefoperazone/sulbactam,cefepime,ceftazidime and amikacin keep the higher antibacterial activity.

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